Definition and Examples of Modifiers in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Modifiers in English Grammar In English syntax, a modifier is aâ word, expression, or condition that capacities as a descriptor or qualifier to give extra data about another word or word gathering (called the head). A modifier is otherwise called an assistant. As delineated beneath, modifiers in English incorporate descriptors, verb modifiers, demonstratives, possessive determiners, prepositional expressions, degree modifiers, and intensifiers.â Modifiers that show up before the head are called premodifiers, while modifiers that show up after the head are called postmodifiers. Modifiers might be either prohibitive (basic to the significance of a sentence) or nonrestrictive (extra however not fundamental components in a sentence). Instances of Different Modifier Usage Such a large number of syntax terms in succession? Lets take a gander at certain models. Authors Gà ¼nter Radden and Renã © Dirvenâ illustrate the sorts with the most widely recognized ways that passing modifiers are utilized in Cognitive English Grammar. In all the models here, the qualifiers alter the word analyst and are in italics: (4a) Hercule Poirot is a brilliant detective.(4b) Agatha Christiesâ detective Poirot is a legend everywhere throughout the world.(4c) The detectiveâ with the waxed moustacheâ solves theâ most bafflingâ cases.(4d) Hercule Poirot is theâ famousâ detectiveâ created by the English riddle author Agatha Christie.(4e) Poirot is a detectiveâ who has come to England as a war refugee.In sentence (4a), the adjectiveâ brilliantâ modifies theâ predicate noun detective.In sentence (4b), the head nounâ detectiveâ is changed by the complexâ noun phrase Agatha Christies, where theâ genitiveâ morphemeâ sâ expresses the connection of possession.In sentence (4c), the nounâ a detectiveâ is altered by theâ prepositional phraseâ with the waxed moustache.In sentence (4d), twoâ nonrestrictiveâ modifiers are added to qualify the definiteâ referentâ detective: the adjectiveâ famousâ and theâ participial phraseâ created by the English secret essayist Agatha Christie.In s entence (4e),â a detectiveâ is adjusted by aâ relative proviso. Extra Examples of Modifier Types We could go further, to delineate extra examples:â Hercule Poirot is a great investigator. The word truly speaks to an intensifier for the modifier great. Truly is a modifier, as it is adjusting a descriptive word. Hercule Poirot is that criminologist. The word that is expressive. It recognizes Poirot from in any event one other analyst. Hercule Poirot is the investigator whos not wearing a deerstalker cap. The clauseâ is prohibitive. The condition is basic to know which criminologist Poirot is, apparently from in any event one analyst who is wearing a deerstalker cap. The case wasâ almostâ solved. The degree modifier (an intensifier) shows the amount of the case was explained. Rather than increasing, degree modifiers qualify by giving how much something is, similar to somebody being genuinely certain about something. Wearing a deerstalker cap, the killer was gotten by Sherlock Holmes. This statement speaks to a lost modifierâ because it puts the cap on the killers head rather than Holmes. On the off chance that there were no subject of the sentence (disposing of by Sherlock Holmes), the initial expression would be aâ dangling modifier. Scarcely any analysts wear deerstalker caps. Few is aâ quantifier, telling what number of. Both Hercule Poirot and Sherlock homes are notable analysts. The modifier is aâ compound descriptive word. Source Radden, Gã ¼nter. Intellectual English Grammar. Intellectual Linguistics in Practice, Renã © Dirven, second Edition, John Benjamins Publishing Company, July 5, 2007.

Egypt Essays - Egyptian Mythology, Ancient Egyptian Religion

Egypt Essays - Egyptian Mythology, Ancient Egyptian Religion Egypt Over 5,000 years back, numerous extraordinary human advancements thrived with incredible force all through parts of Egypt and Southwest Asia. Because of their bewildering land marks (a significant number of them despite everything erect), to there incredible capacity to get sciences and math, and to their religion that is as yet polished by many; The Egyptian Progress is the most popular. The Nile River Valley, and the hot, immense desert that is sprinkled with a couple of little desert gardens, was once home to these people more than 5,000 yeas back. These Egyptians manufactured many astounding structures while they settled along the Nile. A considerable lot of these incredible structures (counting the pyramids), are as yet standing tall and glad as could be. The tremendous earthy pyramids are the last resting spot of the pharaohs, or rulers. Today individuals run from everywhere throughout the world to see these incredible masterpieces. Another of the structures that still stands is the Sphinx. The Sphinx is a sculpture worked by the old Egyptians numerous years prior. The Summarians, the neighbors to the Egyptians, likewise had structures which despite everything stand. They had Ziggurats. One of these structures that is standing today is the Khuzistan. These immense layered structures where not tombs however. These were sanctuaries that where worked to draw nearer to paradise. The Egyptians likewise created geometry, and they had surprising logical information for their time. They utilized geometry to assist them with building the pyramids and to reestablish limits of fields after the incredible flood that they had once every year. Their science information about the human body permitted them to treat sicknesses superior to any known antiquated human progress. They likewise had the capacity to protect assortments of the dead. This safeguarding is called embalmment. With out this, we were unable to know such a great amount about them. Their conservations of their incredible pharos permit us to see them nearly as they looked 5,000 years prior. In any case, they weren?t the main ones to make logical disclosures; however, they were maybe the best ones at doing it. Summarians are believed to be the ones who created the truly necessary, round wheel. Likewise, the Chaldeans made a figuring of the length of the year to inside seven little minutes! The Egyptian religion changed many occasions over it?s improvement. Portions of the religion is as yet polished by some today. Before Amenhoptop became pharaoh, the Egyptians had faith in numerous divine beings, or polytheism. Amenhoptop attempted to change their religion to monotheism, of having confidence in one fundamental god. He did this by making the sun god, Aton, the primary god. This was to attempt to make the minister have less force. This made the minister chafed with Amenhoptop. When Amenhoptop passed on, the procedure pharaoh, Tutankhamen (King Tutt), transformed it back to polytheism. Their religion moreover accepted that everybody had an existence in the wake of death. They imagined that protecting the body would make the soul more joyful. Before an individual could go to ?paradise? he needed to go to the Realm of the Dead. There he was thought to enter the Hall of the Truth. Here he should tell the god Osrisus the sort of life he had lived. On the off chance that he had ever lied, killed or been exorbitantly glad he would be tossed to a shocking beast called ?the Eater of the dead?. In the event that he had been acceptable, he could live ! with the sun god and appreciate everlasting satisfaction. This conviction helped numerous individuals be acceptable rather than fiendish. The Egyptian religion was fundamentally the same as the Persians?. The Persians imagined that great would be compensated and fiendishness would be rebuffed during a the hereafter. In any case, the Summarians didn't have a firm faith in the great beyond. The Egyptian development is genuinely the most thought about. It is actually a slick inclination to realize that we can in any case observe the tombs of their pharaohs, and even the pharos themselves that are protected and resemble they did when they lived. We likewise still have individuals practice their religion following a long time since it?s starting. The Egyptians were simply astounding them selves.

The Spotlight Effect and Social Anxiety

The Spotlight Effect and Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Print The Spotlight Effect and Social Anxiety Not Everyone Is Staring at You By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on December 07, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Getty / Yuval Navot / EyeEm The spotlight effect is a term used by social psychologists to refer to the tendency we have to overestimate how much other people notice about us. In other words, we tend to think there is a spotlight on us at all times, highlighting all of our mistakes or flaws, for all the world to see. For people with social anxiety, the spotlight effect can be much worse, to the point that it has an effect on your ability to work or feel comfortable around other people. What Does the Spotlight Effect Feel Like? It is not uncommon to find yourself feeling embarrassed. However, for people with social anxiety, this feeling can be overemphasized. For example, if you wake up late and go to work with disheveled hair, you may be convinced that everyone is noticing and secretly thinking badly of you. You may blush or try to hide from your coworkers, convinced that they are pitying or mocking you. It is believed that the spotlight effect comes from being overly self-conscious as well as not being able to put yourself in the shoes of the other person to realize that their perspective is different from yours. How Does the Spotlight Effect Worsen Social Anxiety? All people, but especially those with social anxiety, are very focused on themselves, their actions, and their appearance and believe that everyone else is just as aware. Being aware of the spotlight effect can help to lessen nervousness or embarrassment  in social situations. If you can get to the point that you realize nobody is really paying attention to you, then you will stop worrying so much about it. However, for those with social anxiety, it can be much more difficult to recognize this fact and overcome anxiety linked to the spotlight effect.   Social anxiety is much more than just nervousness. It reflects differences in brain activity and reactions to your environment. With social anxiety, you may know that your feelings are irrational, but you cant change how you feel. An Overview of Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment The spotlight effect can be debilitating if you have social anxiety, making every situation more fear-inducing and intimidating. However, symptoms of social anxiety, including the spotlight effect, can be treated with a combination of therapy and medications. Cognitive behavioral therapy with a therapist specializing in social anxiety can help you correct your negative thought patterns. Some medications, such as antidepressants,  may be prescribed to help you ward off feelings of dread, helplessness, and doubt. You can also practice exercises learned in therapy to help you manage your daily activities, giving you more confidence and fewer feelings of embarrassment.   Tips for Overcoming a Fear of Being the Center of Attention Overcoming the Spotlight Effect on Your Own One way to work on overcoming the spotlight effect is to test your belief that other people are noticing and evaluating you. To do this, its helpful to understand a concept identified through research termed the illusion of transparency, which asserts that people tend to think that their internal state is visible to others when it truly is not. While it may feel as though everyone knows what you are thinking about yourself, in actuality nobody has this ability to read your mind. You can overcome the spotlight effect by focusing your attention outward and noticing other peoples reactions to you. This will both help you to stop focusing inward on your anxiety, as well as notice how little other people are actually paying attention to you. Once you can see that people really are all caught up in their own situations, it will become easier to imagine that the spotlight is not shining on you and highlighting your flaws. The Best Self-Help Strategies for Social Anxiety Disorder Research A 1999 study showed that the spotlight effect was specific to social-evaluative concerns whereas the illusion of transparency was related to more general social anxiety. This suggests that in situations in which you perceive that you are being evaluated, or where there is pressure for others to like you, the spotlight effect may be more of a concern. A Word From Verywell If you find yourself grappling with nervousness or shame on a regular basis, talk with a therapist or your doctor to discuss potential treatment options, including talk therapy and medication. With intervention from a trained professional, you can be empowered to manage social anxiety and lead a richer life.

The Souls Of Black Folk And Three Negro Classics - 1158 Words

The Souls of Black Folk and Three Negro Classics are stories of the new class of taught African Americans that perform duties. Du Bois said â€Å"I taught school in the hills of Tennessee where the broad dark vale of the Mississippi begins to roll and crumple to greet the Alleghenies† (253). That they found themselves able to ace this world but hold relationship for the untaught masses gave an illustration to other instructed African Americans of how to handle the issue of the covering that separated the lives of whites and African Americans. The stories of these show the changed in the education of African American as Du Bois explores; proving to make do with the learning and surviving of this contrast is one of the huge commitments of The Souls of Black Folk and Three Negro Classics. Every chapter is introduced by an illustration from a great poet, at times in the language of the initially, and under every illustration is a bar of music from a thoughtful author Du Bois calle d such music Divine Songs. Du Bois college at Fisk University, was very well known for making the domain mindful of these melodies by having its gospel choir travel to Europe and the United States singing what had been the statement of slaves; the integration of the bar of this music in a composed structure was accordingly a declaration of social awareness. â€Å"When they were past, I came by chance once more to the walls of Fisk University, to the halls of the chapel of melody† said Du Bois. (258) TheShow MoreRelatedThe Souls of Black Folk1595 Words   |  7 Pagesthe text of The Souls of Black Folk embodies Du Bois experience of duality as well as his peoples. In Du Bois Forethought to his essay collection, The Souls of Black Folk, he entreats the reader to receive his book in an attempt to understand the world of African Americans—in effect the souls of black folk. Implicit in this appeal is the assumption that the author is capable of representing an entire people. This presumption comes out of Du Bois own dual nature as a black man who has livedRead More W.E.B. DuBoiss Thoughts on Education Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesW.E.B. DuBois’s Thoughts on Education The Souls of Black Folk, written by W.E.B DuBois is a collection of autobiographical and historical essays containing many themes. DuBois introduced the notion of â€Å"twoness†, a divided awareness of one’s identity. â€Å"One ever feels his two-ness – an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keep it from being torn asunder† (215). There are many underlying themesRead MoreW.E.B Dubois Thoughts on Education Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesW. E. B DuBoiss thoughts on education The Souls of Black Folk, written by W.E.B DuBois is a collection of autobiographical and historical essays containing many themes. DuBois introduced the notion of twoness, a divided awareness of ones identity. One ever feels his two-ness Ââ€" an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keep it from being torn asunder (215). There are many underlying themesRead MoreEssay on William E.B. Dubois1164 Words   |  5 Pages Furthermore, he was disillusioned by his unfulfillment of American ideals. Establishing an identity for DuBois was extremely complex, and in his classic piece,The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903, he developed the idea of double consciousness, a concept which has haunted the African American since the sixteenth century. ...the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with a second-sight in this American world,- a world which yields him no true self consciousnessRead MoreDouble Consciousness1491 Words   |  6 Pagesupbringing and education. Similarly, the term the veil refers to the physical and metaphysical differences between blacks and whites. These expressions originated from an Atlantic Monthly article by W. E. B. Du Bois called â€Å"Strivings of the Negro People,† which was later republished and amended under the title â€Å"Of Our Spiritual Strivings† in his famous 1903 collection of essays The Souls of Black Folk. It is interesting to note some of the ways Du Bois was ahead of his time. In the introduction to â€Å"Of OurRead MoreEssay on Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBoise1610 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBoise Booker T. Washington believed that blacks should not push to attain equal civil and political rights with whites. That it was best to concentrate on improving their economic skills and the quality of their character. The burden of improvement resting squarely on the shoulders of the black man. Eventually they would earn the respect and love of the white man, and civil and political rights would be accrued as a matter of course. This was a very non-threateningRead MoreThe Magnificent Style Of Writing By. B. Dubois1382 Words   |  6 PagesWriting by W.E.B. Dubois in The Souls of Black Folk. The Souls of Black Folk is an instant classic when it is read, and it was a very important part of literature for black civil rights. The text talks about how blacks were treated in Post-Civil War America, what education they needed, how blacks were not yet Americans, short stories, and Negro Spirituals. The actual text is a collection of thirteen essays, and a short story written by Dubois. The book also contains Negro Spirituals to tell the readerRead More The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Dubois Essay3329 Words   |  14 Pages The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Dubois The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Dubois is a influential work in African American literature and is an American classic. In this book Dubois proposes that the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line. His concepts of life behind the veil of race and the resulting double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at ones self through the eyes of others, have become touchstones for thinking about race in America. In additionRead MoreAmerica Is Not America Without The People Of Color1930 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica is not America Without the People of Color In reading through the works of Zora Neale Hurston, W. E. B. DuBois, and Booker T. Washington, I traveled back in time and felt the pain and suffering of the black folks from the past. The three authors completed their works to the best of their understanding, experiences, and chosen disposition to the matter. While the tones and messages of their works differed from one another, addressing various issues at specific levels of either favouring itRead MoreAssata Shakur Response Paper664 Words   |  3 Pagescommentary out of all of the activists that we have discussed. One can sense her urgency for the unity of black people and how her past experiences shaped her into the person she is today. In Assata: An Autobiography, some of her most intriguing comments were the comments about self-hatred in the black community. She is adamant about addressing and fixing the self hate among black people. However, though attempts have been made by organizations such as the BPP, activists like Malcolm

Essay on Social Stratification

By definition, social stratification is the system by which the society ranks different classes of people in a hierarchy based on their wealth, power and prestige or status. Social stratification fundamentally dictates the distribution of resources and opportunities in the society. Unfortunately, stratification inspires inequality because every individual in society is judged and condemned according to their social class, language and ethnicity, gender and age, and place. There is unequal distribution of primary valued resources, influence, interpersonal regard and personal freedom between members of a particular society reflecting their position in the societal hierarchy. According to Grusky, Ku, Szelà ©nyi, 2008(p. 34), opportunities that individuals get to engage in certain activities, and the chances that they have to accomplish certain goals, depends on where they are located in the social hierarchy. People are distinctly divided into groupings and their lives revolve around th ese classifications. There are certain things that some people can or cannot do, simply because their situation in life prevents them from being able perform certain tasks. All societies stratify in regard to sexuality. Tasks and activities are assigned differently in various cultures and they change over time, ruled by stereotypes which are basically deeply rooted ideologies about the characteristics and conduct of men and women. In the current job market there are some occupations that are seen not to be cut for women such as engineering or other physical demanding jobs. Women are deemed as the weaker sex and therefore perceived as not being competent enough to undertake some jobs that were initially believed to be for men. Women are perceived as subordinate to men and their roles and value in society differ greatly. Unfortunately for most cultures the role of women is seen as child-bearing and nurturing a home. Ironically there exists a bank policy that advices against lending to single women and Afri can Americans terming it a poor lending risk as compared to men. Women and minority groups have been segregated and ultimately denied valuable opportunity and equality for the smooth running of operations in a society. To add to that, science subjects in schools are stereotypically believed to be ‘too difficult’ for the girl-child. In regard to racial stratification, certain races are deemed superior to others all over the world. In the United States for instance, the white majority influence overrides all other racial groups in a country believed to be civilized, free and fair. The black minority seems to be at the centre of prejudice, and suffer from substandard healthcare and low paying jobs. Most of black children have to be content with community schooling and those who get better education struggle through it. Furthermore, according to Grusky, 1994 (p. 13) in the event of a crime, there is a higher likelihood of black people being arrested in the vicinity as compared to any other racial group. Additionally, there is a 50% higher chance of death penalty in a court case that involves a white victim and a black defendant. This only serves to show how the society today has been prejudiced. Ethnicity on the other hand is primarily associated with particular languages, historical events, places, and family background. Certain groups of people are stratified based on their descent and association with a particular territory, economic activities and lifestyle. One perfect example is the Red Indians of the USA. Ironically, this group of people have been in the US for centuries as the original home. However, their social status is subdued and they have limited access to valuable resources such as employment, healthcare, education and even political say in the current administration. The Red Indians are not perceived as being civilized enough to have a say on how the government is run. . Their chances of success are very slim and so is their position in society. The society entertains a subjective belief that people from different ethnic backgrounds should face important consequences in the formation of the political community (Fink, 2002, pp. 19-25). Finally, in Britain, sociologists argue that social stratification is basically as a result of the difference in the spending behaviour of its people. They argue that this is caused by the inequalities in the income earned which is directly linked to occupation and the living standards of the citizens. Specifically, Jackson (2010, pp. 133-138) contends basing on the researches conducted by D’Aeth that, there are seven social strata in which the Britons lie within; A, B, C, D, E, F and G. He argues that all these strata are based on â€Å"occupation, income, housing, social customs and what might be called intellectual ability†. In strata or class â€Å"C†, he classifies individuals: Who live in a five-bed roomed house with a guest room and who are skilled workers for example, foreman, officers and clerks; who set their tables for meals; whose children visit their guardians over the weekends and those individuals whose minds are crafty and not really very intellig ent. Secondly, in group â€Å"D† are shopkeepers, clerks, printers, tradesmen and a few printers. They actually have a higher intelligence level, social life and technical skills as compared to those in groups A, B and C. Finally, those in groups E, F and G had better social, intelligence and intellectual levels as compared to the rest. References David B. Grusky, Manwai C. Ku, Szonja Szelà ©nyi 2008, Social stratification: class, race, and gender in sociological perspective, Colorado, USA: Westview Press. Grusky, D 1994, Social Stratification: class, race, and gender in sociological perspective, Colorado, USA: Westview Press. Fink, G 2000, â€Å"Social Stratification and Health: Education’s Benefit beyond Economic Status and Social Origins†, Encyclopaedia of Stress, Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, pp. 19-32. Jackson, J. A 2010 â€Å"Some Measurement of Social Stratification in Britain†, Social Studies, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-138.

Great White Shark Free Essays

The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a species of large lamniform shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. The great white shark is mainly known for its size, with the largest individuals known to have approached or exceeded in length, and in weight. This shark reaches its maturity around 15 years of age and can have a life span of over 30 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Great White Shark or any similar topic only for you Order Now The great white shark is arguably the world’s largest known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals. It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals, including fish and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon, and is ranked first in having the most attacks on humans. The IUCN list the great white shark as a vulnerable species, while it is included in Appendix II of CITES. The bestselling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent blockbuster film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a â€Å"ferocious man eater†. In reality, humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark. Taxonomy In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus gave the great white shark its first scientific name, Squalus carcharias. Later, Sir Andrew Smith gave it Carcharodon as its generic name in 1833, and also in 1873. The generic name was identified with Linnaeus’ specific name and the current scientific name Carcharodon carcharias, was finalised. Carcharodon comes from the Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth. Ancestry and fossil record The great white shark came into existence during the mid-Miocene epoch. The earliest known fossils of the great white shark are about 16 million years old. However, the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute. The original hypothesis for the great white’s origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, such as the C. megalodon. Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size of both the great white and C. megalodon led many scientists to believe these sharks were closely related, and the name Carcharodon megalodon was applied to the latter. However, a new hypothesis proposes that the C. megalodon and the great white re distant relatives . The great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to the C. megalodon, a theory that seems to be supported with the discovery of a complete set of jaws with 222 teeth and 45 vertebrae of the extinct transitional species Carcharodon hubbelli in 1988 and published on November 14, 2012. In addition, the new hypothesis assigns C. m egalodon to the genus Carcharocles, which also comprises the other megatoothed sharks; Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage. How to cite Great White Shark, Papers

Management Can Be Defined As the Formulation and Implementation

Question: How management can be defined as the formulation and implementation? Answer: Introduction Strategic management can be defined as the formulation and implementation of the main goals and initiatives taken by the senior management of the company. Strategic management is important as it provides several advantages to the firm. The companies can assess the internal and external environment so that they can take care of the adverse situations and turn them into probable opportunities (Qian and Xing 2016). The aim of this report is to assess the two videos- What is Strategy and Business Model Innovation. Strategic management also adds to the reputation of the organization because of consistency that results from organizations success (Ackermann and Eden 2014). Strategy David Kryscynski helps everyone look at the basics of strategic management. According to Kryscynski (2015), strategy and tactic are different from one another. The terms are used frequently, where tactics mean the actions to reach a particular point and strategy is defined is a game plan that helps an organization achieve its mission. Kryscynski (2015) explains how Sun Tzu, a military strategist was recognized for his Art of War. He believed that strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory (Jackson 2014). Therefore, there are four main questions that can be answered for applying the concepts of competitive advantage. Firstly, the firms need to figure out where they should compete. Secondly, the firms must assess what unique value they bring in. Thirdly, the firm need to assess the resources and capabilities should be utilized. Lastly, the firms need to determine ways to sustain their unique value. Kryscynski (2015) takes IKEA as an example where the choice of markets is offered to the customers. Kryscynski (2015) mentions about the strategies suggested by Henry Mintzberg: Intended emergent and realized strategy. Therefore, strategy is considered as something that is actually done and not just intend. Timing of implementing the strategy is important, as it can be a dud if staging time fails. For instance, the concepts and strategies can be applied to Starbucks. Starbucks is an American coffee company that offers the highest coffee quality (Starbucks.com 2017). Starbucks applies the concepts of competitive advantage. Answering the first key question, Starbucks determines the markets in which it needs to compete (Qian and Xing 2016). As it is a premium brand coffee chain, the brand continues to stay active in the urban geographical markets that have high demand. Secondly, Starbucks applies the concept of competitive advantage by offering unique value. Starbucks not just offers the best coffee to its customers, but they enhance customer experience by offering free internet, offers and promotions (Hinterhuber and Liozu 2014). Thirdly, Starbucks utilize several resources and capabilities such as venues, coffee machine, nice furniture for seating, decor and music (Qian and Xing 2016). Lastly, Starbucks focuses on understanding the factors that helps them to continue to win. St arbucks maintains outright prices and offers sustainability in every aspect that helps them sustain value. Starbucks offers recyclable cups and other corporate responsibility strategies to sustain its value in the marketplace (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Business Model Innovation According to Youtube (2013), innovation comprises of rethinking the business model. Innovation increases customer value or lowers the cost thereby increasing competitive advantage. The author points put the three common misconceptions about innovation- firstly, innovation stems from ideas nobody has had before; secondly, innovation require big resources; lastly, innovation is always based on fascinating technologies. Successful innovators learn to recombine factors so that it can lead to innovation (Youtube 2013). A successful business model has four main aspects: Who is your target customer? What do you offer them? How do you create value proposition? How do you generate revenue? A successful innovator needs to change at least two of the above aspects (Youtube 2013). Innovation is considered as creative imitation and revolution of the industry. Innovation is not necessarily about new technology (Qian and Xing 2016). A firm can follow four main steps for innovation- initiation, ideat ion, integration and implementation (Youtube 2013). Firstly, in initiation, the current business scenario is analysed where the customers are targeted. Secondly, in ideation new models are developed and lessons are learned from others. Thirdly, in integration, the firms check consistency of business model. Lastly, the innovation model is implemented by taking care of the organizational behaviour, clear communication, key performance indicators and implementing only one business model at a time (Youtube 2013). For instance, Google, an American technology company is one of the greatest and profitable companies across the world. The organizational success has stemmed from innovation and extraordinary management practices. The group of employees is small but it brings people together for innovation. Google has innovated Google Cafes that encourage interactions between employees and other teams (Hinterhuber and Liozu 2014). Google has innovated Google Moderator that lets anyone ask question and create a new series for ideas. Google can further benefit from the concepts stated above. The current scenario can be analysed by the firm. The target market can be chosen as the advertiser so that they can put up their ads and attract customers (Hinterhuber and Liozu 2014). The tools like search engine optimization and search engine marketing can help the advertisers attract a wider base of customers. Therefore, the company can launch new products or tools by enhancing positive behaviour among its empl oyees. Google manages innovation strategy in a rapidly changing environment. They can challenge the conventional management thinking and lead to innovations (Gamble, Peteraf and Thompson 2015). Conclusion Conclusively, strategic management is important as it provides several advantages to the firm. Starbucks applies the concepts of competitive advantage. As it is a premium brand coffee chain, the brand continues to stay active in the urban geographical markets that have high demand. Starbucks maintains outright prices and offers sustainability in every aspect that helps them sustain value. Successful innovators learn to recombine factors so that it can lead to innovation. Google has innovated Google Cafes that encourage interactions between employees and other teams. Google has innovated Google Cafes that encourage interactions between employees and other teams. References Ackermann, F. and Eden, C., 2014.Making strategy. 1st ed. London: SAGE. Gamble, J., Peteraf, M. and Thompson, A., 2015.Essentials of strategic management. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Hinterhuber, A. and Liozu, S., 2014. Is innovation in pricing your next source of competitive advantage?.Business Horizons, 57(3), pp.413-423. Jackson, E., 2014.Sun Tzu's 31 Best Pieces Of Leadership Advice. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericjackson/2014/05/23/sun-tzus-33-best-pieces-of-leadership-advice/#73a71695e5ef [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Kryscynski, D., 2015.What is Strategy?. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Starbucks.com, 2017.Company Information. [online] Starbucks Coffee Company. Available at: https://www.starbucks.com/about-us/company-information [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Youtube, 2013.Business Model Innovation. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017].

Computers And Finance Essays - Taxation In The United States

Computers And Finance Computers And Finance Computers have made financial bookkeeping much easier, and people no longer have to spend hours tracking investments or pay someone else to do their taxes. Moreover, the advancement in technology has allowed governments to cut back on the number of big companies and employees hired to process tax returns, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Although these advancements are extraordinary, they are not without their shortcomings. The IRS has had increased trouble in tracking fraudulent tax returns, and has had to revamp its detection system. The most surprising part of Microsoft's current purchase of Intuit, the maker of the Quicken line of personal finance software was not the $1.5 billion price, which was fifty percent over the market value (Schlender 14). It was not even the fact that Bill Gates, America's richest entrepreneur, is in a position to become America's richest banker (14). The most surprising thing was that it did not happen earlier (14). For years Gates has had a dream of putting "electronic commerce at the core of personal computing," and now he finally has the software to accompany that dream (14). His idea includes a "Wallet PC" that can be carried around with people at all times (14). Microsoft believes that it can provide what executive VP Mike Maples refers to as a "whole new value chain" that will allow customers to interact by modem with banks, insurance companies, pension funds, etc. (14). Quicken is already being used by six million people to pay bills, manage credit, write checks, and handle taxes (14). For those of you scoring at home, it has 5.2 million more users than Microsoft's Money software (14). That is a prime reason that Gates basically wanted to give up the product and donate it to his competitor Novell (14). Programs such as Quicken are excellent for keeping track of what is spent at home, but can be a big hassle for keeping track of the money spent on business trips (Baig 20). One way to solve the problem would be to carry a notebook computer with Quicken on it, but as Edward Baig states "It's just not practical to boot up a laptop each time I step out of a taxi" (20). Intuit has released Pocket Quicken, a "Quicken Lite" for those who carry around digital assistants to help alleviate that problem (20). Pocket Quicken is built into the new Hewlett-Packard 200LX palmtop, the Tandy/Casio Zoomer PDA's, and the AST Gridpad 2390, but is not sold as a separate product just yet (20). Eventually this will also be available on the Motorola Envoy (20). Pocket Quicken allows users to categorically follow expenditures such as food, gas, and rent by creating checking, credit card, and cash accounts (20). Pocket Quicken lets travelers sequester what is spent into areas such as trip, client, project, or class (20). People can share data with regular Quicken with the HP 200LX's $119 optional cable and software package, or with the $30 addition to the Zoomer (20). However, Pocket Quicken does have its shortcomings because it does not allow for the set up of budgets or the following of investments (20). It also does not compute net worth or tax summaries, and does not have all the graphs with which Quicken comes equipped (20). If Pocket Quicken is not of interest, another option would be to record expenditures at the end of each day (20). Yet, another possibility would be QuickXpense for Windows from Portable Software (20). This program allows users to work with the exact expense form they would like to use because many of the forms from large corporations have been previously loaded into the program (20). Another of its qualities is that if a specific company's form was not included, they will put it on a disk for customers if they send blank copy of the form to Portable Software (20). All entries are entered the same as Quicken, but this program will also figure mileage cost for driving, convert foreign currency, and catalog each type of expense included on hotel bills (20). QuickXpense will also let the user know when it is time to file an expense report (20). Computer and technology outsource companies typically handle the dirty work behind tax collecting; however, with the recent advances in technology, the state of New York was able to hire a financial group to handle the responsibility (Halper 63). The New York State Department of Taxation gave Fleet Financial Group a $197 million contract to handle computerized tax collections and refunds for the next ten

Definition and Examples of Leading Questions

Definition and Examples of Leading Questions A leading question is a type of question that implies or contains its own answer. By contrast, a neutral question is expressed in a way that doesnt suggest its own answer. Leading questions can serve as a form of  persuasion. They  are rhetorical in the sense that the implied answers can be an attempt to shape or determine a response. Phillip Howard says: While we are on about questions of rhetoric, let us put on the record for those being interviewed on television that  a leading question is not a hostile one  that goes to the nub and puts one on the spot(A Word in Your Ear, 1983). In addition to TV journalism, leading questions can be used in sales and marketing, in job interviews, and in court. In polls and surveys, a problematic question can skew the results: Subtle leads  are questions that may not be immediately recognized as leading questions. Harris (1973) reports studies which demonstrate that the way a question is worded can influence the response. For example, asking somebody how tall a basketball player is produced greater estimates than when respondents were asked how short the player was. The average guess of those who were asked how tall? was 79 inches, as opposed to 69 inches for those who were asked how small? Hargie describes a study by Loftus (1975) which reported similar findings when forty people were asked about headaches. Those who were asked Do you get headaches frequently and, if so, how often? reported an average of 2.2 headaches per week, whereas those who were asked Do you get headaches occasionally and, if so, how often? reported only 0.7 per week. Some interviewers may deliberately use subtle leads to obtain the answers they desire, but often neither the interviewer nor respondent is aware of the extent to whic h the wording of the question can influence the response.(John Hayes,  Interpersonal Skills at Work. Routledge, 2002) In Court In a courtroom, a leading question is one that tries to put words in the witness mouth or looks for the person to echo back what the questioner asked. They dont leave room for the witness to tell the story in his or her own words. Authors Adrian Keane and Paul McKeown illustrate: Leading questions are usually those so framed as to suggest the answer sought. Thus it would be a leading question if counsel for the prosecution, seeking to establish an assault, were to ask the victim, Did X hit you in the face with his fist? The proper course would be to ask Did X do anything to you and, if the witness then gives evidence of having been hit, to ask the questions Where did X hit you and How did X hit you?(The Modern Law of Evidence, 10th ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) Leading questions are not allowed on direct examination but are allowed on cross-examination and select other instances, such as when the witness is labeled as a hostile one.   In Sales Author Michael Lovaglia explains how salespeople use leading questions to gauge customers, illustrating with a furniture store salesperson:   Buying a roomful of furniture is a major purchase, a big decision....The salesperson, waiting impatiently, wants to hurry the process along. What can she do? She probably wants to say, So buy it already. Its just a sofa. But that would not help. Instead, she asks a leading question: How soon would you need your furniture delivered? The customer might answer Right away or Not for a few months, until we move into our new house. Either answer serves the salespersons purpose. The question assumes that the customer will need the stores delivery service, though that is true only after the customer buys the furniture. By answering the question, the customer implies that she will go ahead with the purchase. The question helps push her into a decision that she had been uncertain about until she answered it.(Knowing People: The Personal Use of Social Psychology. Rowman Littlefield, 2007)

Unemployment in Macroeconomic Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Unemployment in Macroeconomic Theory - Essay Example The farmer will not get the job of the mismatch skills. Another cause of structural unemployment is the geographical immobility. This is a situation where an individual is not able to move to another place for a job opportunity. He or she mays decided to remain jobless due to the fact that he or she cannot move to another geographical area even if a job is guaranteed. Some of the reasons behind are family’s issues or health issues. One can leave a job opportunity and remain close to the family. Change in technology can also cause structural unemployment. This is because some people are resistant to change. When new technology is introduced, they find it difficult to adapt to its use. Some are forced to quit their jobs due to the technology illiteracy. However, structural unemployment issue can solved if people accept to go for retraining if they want to be considered in re-employment. People searching for jobs should also accept to change their geographical locations if the jo b opportunity demands them to. Furthermore those who are working in technology driven companies should be able to adjust to the changes in technology. Another type of unemployment is the frictional unemployment. This type of unemployment occurs when one leaves the current and become unemployed when he or she is still looking for another job. Some can leave their jobs just to have time to relax themselves (Wessels, 93). The main cause of this type of unemployment is the movement of people between jobs, locations or careers. One of the cause of this unemployment is when someone is fresh from college and do not understand the labor markets. The graduate will be expecting to get a better paying job. During this time... The intention of this study is to provide comprehensive theoretic analysis of the issue of unemployment and also determines the ways of addressing this problem, in order to achieve high levels of economic development. There are many effects that are caused by unemployment, which can either be direct or indirect. Unemployment is situations where people who get job they are searching. These people do have any income. They have to look for other options that will help them get jobs. Unemployment can either be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary unemployment is where one renders himself or herself jobless knowingly. This is caused by many factors both economical and in the markets. Another type of unemployment is the structural unemployment. This is a type of unemployment where capital labor situations make people to be unemployed. These capital labor situations reduced labor demand. Structural unemployment always occurs when the new job vacancies mismatch with the skills that are available. Frictional unemployment occurs when one leaves the current and become unemployed when he or she is still looking for another job. Some can leave their jobs just to have time to relax themselves Cyclic unemployment is the most volatile type. It is caused by lack of goods and services demand. It is sometimes referred to as demand deficient unemployment because it is related to the economic capacity. It always occurs when GDP growth rate moves in moves in different direction with the rate of employment.

Russia 1917-1941. Rise of Nazism in Germany, World War II Essay

Russia 1917-1941. Rise of Nazism in Germany, World War II - Essay Example When the autocratic rule of Russia crumbled in the revolution of 1917, it was due to a variety of underlying and systemic causes that were rooted deep in the empire's history. These economic, social and political problems were reinforced and exacerbated mainly by the First World War (1914-1918), but also by the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05, that created and resulted in the same kinds of problems and revolts experienced in 1905. The policies imposed by Nicholas II, his predecessors and his ministers mostly served to aggravate rather than to alleviate the discontent of the Russian people. These policies and resulted in the riots and strikes that led to revolution in 1917. The situation in Russia around the turn of the century was complicated and the nation was difficult to rule. There existed a huge diversity of ideologies and identities within the Empire, making it hard for the Tsar to keep his authority and control. The influence that his two most recent predecessors had on the empire was contradictory; Alexander II was known as "the Tsar Liberator", and he introduced many reforms, such as the Emancipation Edict; and, Nicholas I, known as the "Reactionary Tsar", with his counter-reforms. Tsar Alexander III, who was crowned Tsar in 1894, wanted to "uphold the principles of autocracy" like his father, meaning the three reactionary principles: autocracy, orthodoxy and nationalism. Tsar Nicholas II was a weak and indecisive leader, unable to delegate his tasks and he generally cared too little for his people. One might argue that the only loyalty the Tsar had was to God, due to the orthodox belief that he was chosen and guided by God himself. Article On e of the Fundamental Laws of the Empire stated that: "God himself commands that this supreme authority be obeyed". The causes of the 1917 revolution included Russia's social, economic and political problems. Socially, Tsarist Russia stood well behind the rest of Europe in its industry and farming, resulting in few opportunities for advancement on the part of peasants and industrial workers. The discontent came from centuries of oppression of the lower classes by the Tsarist regime, and their considerable lack of rights. The rapid industrialisation of Russia also resulted in urban overcrowding and poor conditions for urban industrial workers. Economically, widespread inflation and famine in Russia contributed to the revolution. These economic stimuli originated in Russia's outdated economy and the Tsar's failure to modernize it. The rural agrarian economy struggled to produce enough food to feed the cities each year, and despite the vast expansions under Sergei Witte of the railway systems, they also lacked the ability to effectively transport the food into the cities. Factory workers also suffere d as Russia's young and undeveloped industrial base sought to catch up with the rest of Europe. They had to endure terrible working conditions and low wages. The sporadic riots did not create a calm context in which to develop an industrial foundation peacefully or methodically. Politically, the people of Russia resented the autocracy of Tsar Nicholas II. Most segments of Russian society had reason to be dissatisfied. They had no representation in government, and the Tsar remained out of touch with the people. This was seen on the "Bloody Sunday" of 1905 where his people came in peaceful demonstrations to his palace, which he had left, and were shot at by his army. Ultimately, a combination of these three factors, coupled with the development of revolutionary ideas and movements, laid the foundations for the Russian Revolution. This discontent of Russia's people

Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal

Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal Introduction â€Å"Our society has decided that man is a creature born of free will. At the same time, our system recognises that attitudes may be influenced by environmental factors.† (Taylor, 1984: 9) Adults who engage in criminal conduct are seen as having values which are distorted by adverse environmental conditions. â€Å"Guilt then is premised upon the concept that everyone who commits an act does so out of an exercise of free will. A person is fully capable of not committing the act, should he or she so desire.† (Taylor, 1984: 10) This approach is referred to as the ‘classicist approach’. Classicists have achieved near-total victory in the recent years resulting in our criminal justice system being founded upon the concept that criminal behaviour is the complete result of environmental influences, that it is nurture that shapes conduct. This has caused our social institutions to attempt to correct deviant behaviour through modification to environmental influences through prison and rehabilitation programmes. The number of offences recorded by the police in the UK between June 2012 and June 2013 is 3.7 million (Office for National Statistics, 2013). It needs to be questioned whether this crime level is the result of a troubled society or the result of a breakdown in the criminal justice system? Recidivism is still occurring with more than one in four criminals reoffending within a year of release (Ministry of Justice, 2013). A possible reason for this could be that the whole premise on which we base our criminal justice is defective. If this classicist premise is wrong then it is no wonder that recidivism is continuing to happen and that as a society we are failing to eradicate crime. If the actual cause of crime is identified then there is the potential of eliminating crime, easing pain, and instilling common trust and security. Stephen Mobley had all the attributes of a natural born killer. At the age of 25, he walked into a pizza store and shot the manager in the neck after robbing the till. Nobody could blame his upbringing – he came from a white, middle-class American family and had not been abused as a child. In 1995 he was waiting on death row in Georgia to hear whether his appointment with the electric chair was confirmed. His lawyer tried to plea that his murder was not the evil result of free will but the tragic consequence of a genetic predisposition. His aunt, a witness for the defence, testified that various members of their family over the past four generations have been very violent, aggressive and criminal. She told the court how the Mobley family had had murder, rape, robbery, and suicide. His lawyer therefore argued that there is no legal defence to Mobley’s crime. Mobley’s family history is an obvious mitigating factor and his actions may not have been a product totally of free will (Connor, 1995). To date, there has been little agreement that a person’s biology has an influence on crime. Early biological theorists such as Lombroso have been widely discredited mainly on the basis of a flawed methodology however the recent and more contemporary biological explanations of crime have been shown to more credible. This dissertation will explore contemporary biological ideas on crime – the role of genetics. What if there are people that are genetically predisposed to commit crimes? Should they be held to account for their actions that may have been completely beyond their control? In light of the apparent failures of our current criminal justice system, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the real causes of crime. Can we afford to ignore the possibility that criminal behaviour could be due to genetics? There is also the issue of how society should deal with the offender whose crime was genetically influenced? Society has decided that no individual should be held accountable for acts performed when he or she is mentally incapacitated. We have the defence of insanity when people who have a ‘disease of the mind’ commit crimes. It needs to be considered whether genetic aberration should be considered in mitigation of, or as a defence to, a criminal charge. Some would say that to accept the notion that criminals are born rather than made would be opening a gateway to a moral minefield causing other factors including society, unemployment, and upbringing to be ignored (Connor, 1995). General Research Aim It is the purpose of this dissertation to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through way of literature analysis. I will briefly explore early biological theories such as those of Lombroso and his idea of a ‘criminal man’, moving on to discuss contemporary biological ideas the influence of a person’s genetics on criminal behaviour. The research will explore the effectiveness of punishment and how biological ideas may have influenced punishment by placing emphasis on the treatment of offenders. Finally, the ethical implications surrounding the treatment model will be considered. Aims and Objectives In order to successfully answer my research aim, a number of sub-questions must be considered: How does society view crime? This dissertation begins by explaining why further research into the topic is essential. The main body of this dissertation will be introduced with a discussion of how our society currently views crime – is it a product of a person’s biological influences, environmental influences, or a combination of the two? What is biological positivism? In order to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society, I must first clarify what biological positivism actually is. I will explore early biological theories leading on to a discussion of contemporary biological ideas. Relevant case studies will be looked at to inspect the usefulness of these present day theories in explaining crime and criminal behaviour. How has biological positivism affected punishment? The dissertation will then move on to assess how these theories, previously discussed, have affected punishment. In order to do this I will first look to why we punish and what forms of punishment are currently used in the UK. Using reoffending statistics I will critically analyse the effectiveness of these current forms of punishment, leading on to a discussion about an alternative to punishment suggested by biological positivists: The role of treatment. Is the treatment model effective? The effectiveness of the treatment model will then be evaluated. Consequently, emphasis on treatment over punishment carries huge ethical implications. These ethical implications will be discussed with an in depth exploration on the incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998. Are there any proposals for change to the current criminal justice system which suggests a move towards the treatment of offenders? Finally, any proposals for change in the criminal justice system put forward by the Government will be discussed if they are of relevance to key points highlighted in this dissertation. Suggestions for future changes in the criminal justice system made by biological theorists will also be argued. Conclusion Despite the in-depth research there is still much debate on the true causes of crime. The central importance of identifying the causes of crime has been discussed through this dissertation. With both crime rates, and reoffending rates, being considerably high (Office for National Statistics, 2013 ; Ministry of Justice, 2013) it is vital that the causes of crime are identified, and individuals are therefore dealt with accordingly, in order for these figures to decrease. After researching into biological positivism, the use of biological theories in the current criminal justice system are identifiably lacking with more emphasis on environmental factors being seen as the causes of crime. A biosocial, multi-factor, approach has been formed over the recent years incorporating environmental, social, and biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009) nevertheless there seems to be an ignorance of biological factors. The aim of this dissertation was to identify the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through an analysis of existing literature. The main focus of the research was to identify contemporary biological ideas, and then examine how they influenced punishment in the criminal justice system in England and Wales. Theses influences were then analysed in terms of effectiveness, with ethical issues later being questioned. Biological positivism is relevant in today’s society. The research does not suggest that biological factors are the sole cause of criminal behaviour for every individual offender, but that it can have an influence on an individual’s susceptibility to commit a crime (Hopkins Burke, 2009). Environmental and social factors also later contribute to shape the offender. Early biological theories stemmed from the work of Lombroso. Although his work is largely discredited, he laid the foundation on which much more plausible explanations could be formed. Research into contemporary biological explanations, including twins studies and hormones, has led to the conclusion that criminality in a minority of offenders is solely caused by biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009). Although these more contemporary biological ideas have been shown to be credible, this credibility does not seem to be reflected in the current criminal justice system. Biological positivists have favoured treatment over punishment as way of dealing with offenders (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). This dissertation has recognised that emphasis is currently placed on punishment, and primarily, imprisonment. There have been many attempts over the years to adopt a treatment approach however, due to both financial and time-related restrictions, these attempts have been limited considerably. This limitation implies that sex offences are the only offences seen as a result of a biological defect in the offender. The rationale behind treatment being offered only to sex offenders however, is quite noticeably the result of some other reason: sex offenders are the most despised group of offenders, even among other offenders and therefore there is an increased pressure on the criminal justice system to ensure that these offenders do not re-offend. Specialised treatment techniques such as chemical castration have therefore been developed to deal with them (Miller, 1998). An implication of these findings, that a person’s biology does have an effect on their susceptibility to commit crime, is that biological defects should be taken into account for all offenders and in turn, treatment should be offered to every individual offender despite costs. Although prison is used most commonly to punish offenders, and is arguably cheaper than treatment, long term costs are substantial. This suggests that it is more beneficial for the criminal justice system to invest in something that works to rehabilitate the offender and prevent them from reoffending, than to incarcerate them preventing them from offending only on a short term basis. It is important that the cause of crime in each individual offender is identified and then dealt with accordingly. There have been numerous analyses of the treatment model in terms of ethical issues however authors of these analyses have either concluded that treatment violates all of the offenders fundamental rights, or none of them (Miller, 1998). The analysis of these ethical issues through this dissertation has led to the conclusion that the current forms of treatment, offered on a voluntary basis, are not in breach of offenders’ rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. There is an underlying issue of discrimination however, under article 14 ECHR, as it can be argued that treatment offered only to sex offenders is discriminating it is discriminating for sex offenders, and also discriminating for those offenders that are not offered treatment. By offering treatment to all offenders it will ensure that any biological influences to crime in offenders can be addressed, and then treated. It has been earlier identified that not all offenders have a biological predisposition, but for those offenders that do, it may rehabilitate the individual and prevent reoffending. In response to this, article 14 ECHR and the prohibition of discrimination may not be as much of a concern. To offer treatment to all offenders would be a step towards removing this cause of discrimination. Other ethical issues surrounding treatment, including informed and valid consent, and off-label drugs, have also been addressed in this dissertation, and have been seen to be justified. Recommendations It has been identified that research into twin studies, in particular monozygotic twins, is the most credible in terms of ascertaining the influence of genetics on criminal behaviour. It is therefore recommended that if it were possible to locate a representative sample of monozygotic twins who satisfied experimental conditions, being separated at birth and growing up in different environments, then the true extent of how much influence our genes have on criminal behaviour can be determined. The criminal justice system must recognise that other offences, not only sex offences, can be the result of a genetic defect and consequently treatment should be offered to all offenders. Treatment given should be appropriate for the offender, and offered on a voluntary basis in order to avoid potential ethical issues. To ensure consent is free, informed and valid, offenders should be assessed to ensure they have the mental capacity to give consent, and to ensure they are aware of all risks involved. Although long term effects are unknown, as long as the offender is aware of the uncertainty then informed consent is not an issue. Drugs should also be licensed for the purpose of treating offenders. More rigorous testing is needed using double-blind randomised trials along with full medical tests prior to, during and after treatment (Harrison, 2008). Genetic aberrations should be considered as a mitigating factor with consideration given to biological influences on the offender when sentencing.

How Much Land Does a Man Need Essay

The main character of â€Å"How Much Land Does A man Need?† is a clear example of an insatiable desire for possessions and wealth which at the end destroys the person. Pahom was living a life â€Å"free from anxiety† as his wife said and â€Å"without time to let any nonsense settle in his head† according to Pahom’s words. As the story develops it reveals Pahom’s real problem was inside him because he was never content or please with the land and the possessions he had. At the beginning of the story, Pahom was a peasant without land of his own, working daily to support his family and thinking â€Å"Our only trouble is that we haven’t land enough. If I had plenty of land, I shouldn’t fear the devil himself†; when in reality the avarice within Pahom lied dormant and he was not aware that his desire to obtain â€Å"plenty of land† will inevitably awaken the monster inside him that could never be satisfied. The first time Pahom had a land of his own was a farm of forty acres. â€Å"So he became a landowner, plowing and sowing his own land, making hay on his own land, cutting his own trees, and feeding the cattle of his own pasture. When he went out to plough the fields, or to look at his growing corn, or at his grass meadows, his heart would fill with joy†. This farm seemed to him unlike any other land, fulfilling his dreams until he heard the story of a better place where he will be able to have more land of his own. At this moment the greed in him began to blind Pahom to the simplicity of his life and to be grateful and fulfilled for what he had. The second farm he acquired had 125 acres and Pahom, â€Å"had three times as much as at his former home, and the land was good corn land. He was ten times better off than he had been. He had plenty of arable land and pasturage, and could keep as many head of cattle as he liked.† Obviously greed does not have limits and it is a part of our human nature some posses a greater level of greed than others but nevertheless greed holds no boundaries and the word plenty has no meaning at all. I wonder what Pahom’s wife was thinking now because in the conversation she has with her sisters, she was more concerned with the temptations of the surrounding towns but did not consider the avarice lying inside her husband that once, fed leads to ruin. Pahom had it all but Pahom was not happy, he was not content, he was not satisfied with the land he had. His greed lead him in to a path of destruction that is best described by the dream he had the night before his death. â€Å"He thought he was lying in that same tent, and heard somebody chuckling outside. He wondered who it could be, and rose and went out, and he saw the the Bashkir Chief sitting in front of the tent holding his side and rolling about with laughter. Going nearer to the Chief, Pahom asked: â€Å"What are you laughing at?† But he saw that it was no longer the Chief, but the dealer who had recently stopped at his house and had told him about the land. Just as Pahom was going to ask, â€Å"Have you been here long?† he saw that it was not the dealer, but the peasant who had come up from the Volga, long ago, to Pahom’s old home. Then he saw that it was not the peasant either, but the Devil himself with hoofs and horns, sitting there and chuckling, and before him lay a man barefoot, prostrate on the ground, with only trousers and a shirt on. And Pahom dreamed that he looked more attentively to see what sort of a man it was lying there, and he saw that the man was dead, and that it was himself! He awoke horror struck.† Pahom never had enough land, he always needed more to feed the insatiable greed that controlled his life. The following excerpt from the poem Who Am I? written by Dietrich Bonheoffer describes better the condition of Pahom’s struggle: â€Å"Who Am I? This or the other? Am I one person today and tomorrow another? Am I both at once? A hypocrite before others, And before myself a contemptibly woebegone weakling? Or is something within me still like a beaten army? Fleeing in disorder from victory already achieved? Who am I? They mock me, these lonely questions of mine Whoever I am, Thou knowest, O God, I am Thine.† Time after time Pahom was not able to enjoy the fruit of his hard work as a result of the avarice consuming him. As the proverb says: † A greedy man hasten after wealth and does not know that poverty will come upon him† Proverbs 28:22 Pahom died seeking more and more land of his own and at the end â€Å"his servant picked up the spade and dug a grave long enough for Pahom to lie in, and buried him in it. Six feet from his head to his heels was all he needed†.

Perasuasive Sales Letter Essay

This short letter revolves around one important point: blood donated for infusions can be stored for no longer than 72 hours, after which it will be discarded. This means that people are in serious danger of dying depend on the daily efforts of all Americans who donate blood to save them. Today, the situation is critical because national supplies stored at Red Cross have dropped to dangerously low levels. This means that many people may not survive for very long once they get into a traffic accident or collapse because of a health problem. Luckily for them, professionals from the Red Cross over the years have developed impressive expertise in finding, processing and using donated blood. More importantly, they have developed an effective way to raise interest in blood donation through initiatives such as Blood Mobile. An impressive example of a life saved is that of five-year-old Melissa who was diagnosed with multiple congenital heart defects at birth, which caused her first open-heart surgery a week after her birth. To this point, her life has depended on using donor bloods that keeps her alive. Without 50 units of blood donated by different people, she would not have overcome her illness and survive till this day. The effort to collect blood for transfusions is going around the nation: restaurants, company offices, even beauty parlors – quite a wide range of businesses have already hosted Red Cross blood drives. The Pechanga Casino Entertainment Center can also make a serious contribution to the ongoing donation effort by hosting a Red Cross Blood Drive. By doing so, we will undoubtedly be able to gather large amount of blood, helping many people to cope with their illness. The mission of this campaign is clear and appealing. It consists in delivering donors’ blood to those patients who need it urgently. In doing so, the casino will attract people who qualify for blood donation. To be eligible for take part, one has to be over 17 years of age and weigh no less than 110 pounds. I am sure that a large number of people who meet these criteria as well as their friends and relatives will be willing to come to our casino to participate in the noble effort. Today, we can help thousands of people in urgent need of blood supply through a simple, yet effective effort. The Pechanga Casino Entertainment Center can organize a Red Cross Blood Drive, and I will be more than happy to lead the effort. Given my past experience in organising Toys for tots drive last year, I feel confident in handling the promotion for the event, especially since I know the Red Cross will supply plenty of materials to help in the organizing process. We can make a contribution to saving thousands of lives through hosting this event, a contribution that will improve our corporate image in this locality and beyond. In the words of Melissa’s mother, we can â€Å"give a piece of themselves† to help those in whose position we can find ourselves at some point. I am positive that many employees will share my enthusiasm for the event. I also have trust that the community will not let this event pass unnoticed and will regard the organisation that initiated it with high esteem. You can assess for yourselves the promises it holds for the growth of our business.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease - 2008 Words

â€Å"Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks (Ixodes spp.). Early manifestations of infection include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. Left untreated, late manifestations involving the joints, heart, and nervous system can occur. A Healthy People 2010 objective (14-8) is to reduce the annual incidence of Lyme disease to 9.7 new cases per 100,000 population in 10 reference states where the disease is endemic (Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin). This report summarizes surveillance data for 64,382 Lyme disease cases reported to CDC during 2003-2005, of which 59,770 cases (93%) were reported from the 10 reference states. The average annual rate in these 10 reference states for the 3-year period (29.2 cases per 100,000 population) was approximately three times the Healthy People 2010 target. Persons living in Lyme disease--endemic areas can take steps to reduce their risk for infection, including daily self-examination for ticks, selective use of acaricides and tick repellents, use of landscaping practices that reduce tick populations in yards and play areas, and avoidance of tick-infested areas.† (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2007.) In the early 1970s, a number of rheumatoid arthritis cases occurred in Lyme, Connecticut. Researchers consideredShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1454 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 1991 [1]. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States [1]. This report has been compiled to provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme diseaseRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1485 Words   |  6 Pagesspreading to become the most common vector-borne disease that occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This â€Å"hidden pandemic†, known as Lyme disease, is silently infecting hundreds of thousands of United States citizens each year, and numbers of new and untreated infections continue to climb as traditional treatments fail and doctors misdiagnose the condition. Spread by tick bites, Lyme disease has affected many lives and continues to infect countlessRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1598 Words   |  7 Pagesntroduction Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 1991 [1]. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States [1]. This report has been compiled to provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme diseaseRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1997 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Lyme Disease is the number one tick-borne disease in the United States and in Massachusetts. It is considered a vector disease because it is spread through the bite of a black-legged tick (also known as a deer tick) that carries the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme was first diagnosed in 1975 in Lyme, CT and the bacterium that causes Lyme was discovered in 1982 by Willy Burgdorfer (Todar, 2012, p. 1). Lyme disease spreads rapidly and can impact many different organ systemsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1770 Words   |  8 Pages Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Despite this, adequate prevention is lacking and treatment measures are sometimes inadequate. Vaccinations for Lyme disease developed in the late 1990’s have since been withdrawn from the market, and research is currently underway to create a new vaccine. Educational programs have proven to show an increase in protective behaviors to prevent tick bites and tick-borne illnesses through increased knowledge of repellent useRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1897 Words   |  8 PagesBackground: Definition of the condition: Lyme disease is named after the town of Old Lyme in Connecticut, where the first cases of Lyme disease (LD) were discovered in 1975. About twelve children, who lived in the same area of this town, were diagnosed with arthritis which was discovered to be caused by Lyme disease (Levi et al., 2012). In 1982, a scientist named Willy Burgdorfer and his coworkers, established the link between ticks and the transmission of Borralis bacteria which is proven to resultRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1710 Words   |  7 PagesaIntroduction Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 19911. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States1. This report has been compiled to provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme disease is causedRead MoreLong Term Antibiotic Treatment Of Persistent Symptoms Attributed Lyme Disease2057 Words   |  9 PagesThe research question of this study was to determine if longer-term antibiotic treatment of persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease resulted in a better outcome than shorter-term antibiotic treatment1. Evaluate the review of related research. How well did the authors provide a context for the current research in light of previous literature and gaps in current literature and knowledge? In the introduction, the authors indicate that previous randomized, clinical trials have not provided sufficientRead MoreLyme Disease : A Rapidly Spreading Infectious Disease1666 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Lyme disease is a rapidly spreading infectious disease in the United States, with over 25,000 confirmed cases in 2013.5 It was first discovered in the early-1970’s in the town of Lyme, Connecticut when a group of children started to present with rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. Some of these children presented with a rash and researchers connected the symptoms to occurring during peak tick season. By the mid-1970’s, the researchers began describing the symptoms and coining the term â€Å"Lyme disease†Read MoreA Research Paper On Lyme Disease1020 Words   |  5 PagesLyme Disease I chose to do my research paper on Lyme disease. During my research, I found a lot of interesting facts about Lyme disease. The disease is caused by bacteria, called Borrelia burgdorferi, which is only transmitted to humans when they are bitten by an infected tick. Lyme disease was first discovered in 1975, in Lyme, Connecticut, after a group of children were diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This eventually led them to discover the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. The disease